A Facility Manager's Introduction to Weather Correction for Utility Bill Tracking
ABSTRACT Utility Bill Tracking is the heart of an efficient Energy management program. Only electricity bills compared to inaccurate information on the amount of the savings from energy management programs because of the unaccounted influence the weather or other factors. Correcting yield electricity bills for weather data is more accurate representations of savings, have been postponed. This paper presents the how and Why the weather correction for those who want to become more familiar with the concepts and methods.
What benefit BILL tracking can do for YOU Jim Faes Jefferson County School District wrote to me "energy accounting is the backbone of our school district energy management program." Why would he write that?
An energy accounting system is much like an airplane's control panel. To properly navigate your aircraft, you have to understand where she is, where he was and where he goes. If you fly the aircraft without the control panel, you have a good chance the crash of the aircraft. It's the same with energy management. You know where you where you were, are, where you have to go and how where you are now fits with the expectations of your progress.
With electricity bill tracking systems, energy managers can: – Enter They target utilization and costs and length of their actual performance against its goals – Discover the strong increase in energy consumption and take appropriate corrective action – Identify the buildings with more $ / SQFT than the others, and focus energy management activities on the building. – Determine whether Your meters on the best rates – Check whether you are charged as correct by the utility – Create invoices for your tenant (if any) – Determine if you have stored energy from your energy-saving measures – Aggregates your usage and costs and forward the aggregated data to potential Utilities – Create utility budgets
In general, when you think about the state of your utility accounts, you will know where Your plant is and how it is taken on your goals.
UTILITY BILL Tracking: The certificate for plant and facility managers Energy Managers and some facility managers all often have to justify their existence to management. How much do we have to save last year? Is this more than what we our energy manager? Has pay your recommendations appropriate repayments be? Why do we even have an energy manager?
There are several methods to determine if your energy from energy conservation efforts stored, as described in the literature. You can wave your hands in the air, and you decide on a set, you calculate your savings on a data logger and control points; compare electric bills are based to determine savings, and eventually employ a building model. (These are referred to as Option A, B, C and D in the IPMVP, FEMP guidelines and other literature.)
Probably the easiest and most delicious method for facility managers to determine whether it is energy saving option C, compare electricity bills. Why? Well, even though some do Utility Manager present calculations given to them by the friendly sales staff, this method is quite reliable Is inflated numbers because they are presented. Placement of data loggers and the existing control seems simple enough, but to convert these inputs in savings numbers can sometimes prove to be outside the scope of the facility manager's skillset. Building modeling, while it may be useful, requires hours to building the model and can show how much he should use the building, and can not really represent what really uses the building. If these objections hold that utility Leaves bills as the last remaining way to your power as an energy manager. Plus, to quantify the end, it's all about the electricity bills as the bills Show how much you pay.
Since most facility managers already tracking their electricity bills, there is only one additional small step to see whether you energy and costs of your energy management program saved. Just compare last year bills to the current year bills, and you will see when you saved.
Well, it is not so simple. Let us find out why.
Why Bill COMPARISON DOES NOT, or: Why WEATHER USE CORRECTION Suppose You want to see savings from the installed new efficient chilled water system in January this year. A simple comparison of before and post invoices to show the savings right? Well, not quite. Suppose that last year had a relatively cool summer and this summer was hot as hell. Would you like to save? Maybe not.
There are a few ways we can use the plot from year to year. Suppose we only saw use as a function of time, as the Most people do.
We have selected two regions in Figure 1 The bottom (darker) region, we call non-weather sensitive usage. This use can on computers, lights attributed, are constant volume pumps and other charges which are independent of what is the weather. For a year-round operation, that amount is steadily. (In this case, the non-sensitive use of weather is very low because this meter is a mechanical movement. Typically, the non-weather sensitive usage to be higher would.)
We call the top (lighter) region weather sensitive use. This is directly related to use, in this case, air-conditioning system. Usage in this Region could be attributed to refrigeration, cycling chilled water pumps, cooling towers, condenser water pumps, condenser fans, and possibly Fans and pumps, cycle or take a variable frequency.
If last summer was cool, and was hot in the summer, then the weather-sensitive Use would probably not change from year to year, but change the weather sensitive use would. Figure 2 is the same as in Figure 1, except that two years Data presented. Notice how the second year, the weather sensitive part is much larger because of the hot summer increased cooling load.
Suppose now that the new cold-weather system sensitive consumption reduced by 20%. Variation with the weather in Figure 2 is a comparison of the annual consumption may appear not all the energy savings at all, as we can see in Figure 3. (In Figure 3, we removed 20% of the weather sensitive use of data for 2002, which we could see retrofitted with a cold-water system.)
Imagine the results for display management, investing half a million dollars. It is difficult to trust to inspire in management with graphs as in Figure 3. So much for the electricity bill comparison.
In order to explain these results, it could be a graph with CDDs (like to have in Figure 4), and then they could see that the post-retrofit years (2002) was indeed much hotter and more cooling is required, thus increasing Use led. These can be off the hook, but you still need to quantify how much you have saved, right? Management will only accept the arm waving for so long.
You can save your savings by updating your electricity bill equation for weather to quantify. Had you done so you could Figure 5 have shown, rather than Figure 3
HOW WEATHER CORRECTION WORKS Rather than compare last year's usage to this year's application, if we correct Weather use, we compare how much energy we would have used this year, how much energy we use this year. Many in our industry do not call the result this comparison, savings, or cost avoidance rather Usage. But, as we try to keep them down on paper for an introductory price level, we use the word saving.
When we tried to compare to last year's usage to this year's usage, we could see Figure 3 and a disastrous project. We used the equation:
Savings = use last year – the year's use
If we use correction weather, we arrive at Figure 5, and use the equation:
Savings = How much energy we would have used this year – how much energy we use this year **
** Where this year's Use from 1 Equation is the same as how much energy we use in this year from the second Equation
The next question is how can we find out how much energy we would have used this year. This is done using weather correction as shown below.
First, we select a year to your electricity bill we compare the future use to. This would normally be the year before you started your energy efficiency program, or the year before the new plant manager have been set, or a few selected years. In this example we would select the year of the user data before the installation of chilled water system. We call this year the base year.
As in Figure 6, we use graph-Base-Year versus weather (heating degree days or in the form of cooling degree days). The blue dots represent the electricity bills shown.
Then we find the best-fit line between use and weather. The best-fit line is the line which showed the closest to all electricity bills, as in Figure 6, comes. We can say it is the best fit line through an overview of some statistical indicators (such as R2-value, Net Mean Error and Bias CVRMSE not included in this introductory essay covered are).
This Best Fit Line is an equation which we call the Fit Line Equation, or in this case, the baseline equation. When this equation, we associate with regression carried out this process.
Let's review what we have done: – We are a graphic user data base year versus weather – We found a best-fit line through the data. The best-fit line then represents the energy bill. – The best fit line equation, which represents the best-fit line, which means the base year of user data. The Fit Line Equation represents how your plant energy used during the base year and would continue to power different in the future (use with changing weather conditions), provided there were no significant changes occurred in the building patterns, such as new equipment, area or operating hours.
Base-Year Bills – Best Fit Line = Fit Line Equation In our example:
Baseline Equation = Fit Line Equation
Once the baseline Equation, you can determine whether you have saved no energy.
How? You take a bill of some accounting period after the base year. You (or your software) Plug in the number of days and the number of degree days after the bill in your Baseline Equation. Remember, the baseline equation is how your building to energy in Base year are used. So, with the new inputs in the number of days and the number of heating degree days, the Baseline Equation will tell you how much energy the building would be used in this year based on Base Year usage patterns and this year's conditions (weather and number of days). We call this use, the Baseline Equation, Baseline Use is intended.
Now, to get a fair comparison of this year compared to last year, we compare:
Savings = How much energy do we would have entered this year – how much energy we use this year
or if we the terminology a bit:
Savings = Baseline Energy – Actual Energy Usage
where Baseline Energy Usage is measured by the baseline equation and current month's weather and number of days and the actual energy usage is the current Months the bill. Both equations are one and the same, Baseline = How much energy we would have used this year, and represents the actual amount of energy we use this year.
CORRECTING for other variables Agencies in setting up the industrial sector to the production instead of (or in addition correct) Weather data. This works if you use a simple variable that your production are quantified. For example, an automobile manufacturing plant, the number of Cars manufactured track. If your work makes several things, for example, disk drives, desktop computers, printers and mainframes, it is difficult to come with a single variable, which could represent the production for the entire system. However, if you served your printer manufacturing unit from another instrument or submeter as the other units was, you could the number of printers as a variable for the meter (or submeter) is that the printing unit produced.
WEATHER correction in EXCEL VS. CANNED SOFTWARE Weather correction in Excel can be done, but it can be arduous, and often may not be as severe as in using a special software. Excel Regressions, Fit Line to enter equations, and the statistical indicators, as well illustrated by your use of the fit line show. However, it is difficult, the best balance Point to be found in Excel, how to get into specialized software. could force Excel, you must choose only one equilibrium point, and maybe then you would iterate with different equilibrium points, while canned software allows you to easily find the best fit line with different equilibrium points. In addition, if your weather data at high temperatures or low average temperatures, it can be difficult to apply the right weather data to the correct accounting periods. Try it and you'll see.
Available weather information CORRECTION Desktop Software All major desktop electricity bill tracking software packages are Now for the weather data are correct. Almost all of them as variables for their own really well. The main desktop programs are Energy CAP, Metrix, Stark Essentials and Utility Manager Pro. You can find information about all of them can find online.
CONCLUSION Weather changes from year to year. to use electric bills on request, to save energy show of energy management programs with arbitrary precision, it is important that your electricity bills for the correct fluctuations of the weather.
About the Author
Abraxas Energy Consulting performs commercial energy audits and provides utility bill tracking, energy auditing, measurement and verification, retro-commissioning, utility bill auditing and other energy management services for its clients world-wide. In addition, Abraxas Energy Consulting provides a selection of utility bill tracking and interval data software packages for its clients. Abraxas Energy Consulting’s clients are ESCOs, energy consultants, governments, universities, hospitals, school districts, private industry and building owners.
Disc 1:Noah: Right!Noah: And the NeighborNoah: Me and You, LordRevengeLone Ranger, TheOld Weird HaroldDriving in San FranciscoApple, TheBabiesWater Bottle, TheStreet FootballFat…
Disc 1:In My HeartCan We PretendHeartbreak RoadI Can`t Write Left-HandedRuby LeeIt`s All Over NowHarlem/Cold BolognaAin`t No SunshineGrandma`s HandsLet Me In Your LifeRailroad Man
Disc 1:Lovely DayUse MeJust the Two of UsLean On MeAin`t No SunshineI Don`t KnowWho is He (and What is He To You)?HarlemKissing My LoveHello Like BeforeLet Me Be the One You Need
Disc 1:(We`re Gonna) Rock Around the ClockShake, Rattle & RollThirteen Women (And Only One Man In Town)Dim, Dim the Lights (I Want Some Atmosphere)Rudy`s RockRazzle DazzleSaints Rock & Roll, TheSki…
This collection features 10 fully restored and uncut episodes from the original season of THE BILL COSBY SHOW. The series followed Chet Kincaid (Bill Cosby), a Los Angeles gym teacher whose good intentions landed him in hot water on many an occasion.
Disc 1:Froofie the DogFootballMy Brother, RussellBe Good to Your WivesFat Albert Got a HerniaWhy Beat Your WifeEnnis` ToiletGrover Henson Feels ForgottenBill`s Marriage – (bonus track)Tra…
Disc 1:Blue Moon of KentuckyFootprints in the SnowNew Mule Skinner BluesUncle PenIn the PinesI`m Working on a BuildingGotta Travel OnScotlandMolly & TenbrooksI`m Sitting on Top of the Wor…
Since the opening of his first restaurant in 1993 at age 22, Chef Bill Granger haschanged the face of contemporary Australian dining with his uncomplicated approach to food and laid-back Sydney style. His fame soon spread to America, where his Co…
Disc 1:I`m So Lonesome I Could CryRaccoon CatSugar BabyWe`re Not From Around HerePioneers, TheRagVeronaShenandoah (For Johnny Smith) – (featuring Ry Cooder)BallroomHave A Little Faith In …
Disc 1:Tips of My Fingers, TheStill8 X 10I Get the FeverFor Loving You – (featuring Jan Howard)My Life (Throw It Away If You Want to)But You Know I Love YouDon`t She Look GoodIf You Can Live W…
Disc 0:No track list availableDisc 1:We Sing GloryFreeYou Alone Are WorthyDesire of My HeartNever AloneGrab HoldYes, He Loves MeHe is LordOil of GodLabor in Vai…
Some films just go together like wine and cheese, and this pairing of wedding flicks is the perfect way to pass a leisurely afternoon. First on the bill are Jennifer Lopez and Mathew McConaughey in the WEDDING PLANNER, a film that asks if the ultimate …
Disc 1:Travelin` PrayerPiano ManAin`t No CrimeYou`re My HomeBallad of Billy the Kid, TheWorse Comes to WorstStop in NevadaIf I Only Had the Words (To Tell You)Somewhere Along the LineCapt…
Disc 1:Rain, RainRoscoeBig ShoeMy Buffalo GirlShenandoah (for Johnny Smith)Cadillac 1959Pioneers, TheCold Cold GroundThat Was ThenMonroeGood Dog, Happy ManPoem for Eva
This Grammy-winning soulster is the only non-Beatle to receive artist billing on a Beatles song (“Get Back”). This collection features that tune and 13 more of his best, including: Fancy Lady * Let It Be * Outa-Space * Struttin` * Will It Go Round in C…
New York Times best-selling author Bill Bennett uses stories, essays, and historical and contemporary profiles to explore and explain what it means to be a man. Confusions abound about manhood in today`s culture. Whether it`s MI…
Disc 1:Impossible Dream, TheHairspray – You Can`t Stop The BeatBeing AlivePrayer, TheKismet – This Is My Beloved / Stranger In ParadiseGethsemaneLove Changes EverythingEmpty ChairsAll I Ask Of…
Disc 1:DISC 1:Dancing With MyselfHot In the CityWhite Wedding (Part 1)Rebel YellEyes Without a FaceFlesh For FantasyCatch My FallTo Be a LoverDon`t Need a GunSweet SixteenMony, …
An accomplished pianist despite his complete physical blindness, gospel musician Gordon Mote has worked with some of the biggest country stars and has long been a fixture of the Gaither Gospel Homecoming tour. This “best of” compilation, hosted by Bill…
An excellent collection of 21 of Joel`s best, including: And So It Goes * It`s Still Rock and Roll to Me * Just the Way You Are * The Longest Time * My Life * Piano Man * We Didn`t Start the Fire * and more.
Disc 1:You Don`t Miss Your WaterAny Other WayShare What You Got (But Keep What You Need)Never Like This BeforeEverybody Loves a WinnerEloise (Hang on in There)Everyday Will Be Like a HolidayTribute…
Does it seem like everything is moving so fast these days you can barely keep up? Do you sometimes feel that your life is spinning out of control? Most of us are so overwhelmed by the stuff in our daily lives — work, bills, family commitments, demands…
“So useful you may whistle while you work”- FortuneThe original edition of The Disney Way was awarded a coveted “Best Business Book of the Year” by Fortune magazine. The world`s foremost experts on Disney, Bill Capodagli …
Music in Dreamland is the authorized biography of Bill Nelson, best known as guitarist, singer, and songwriter with `70s art rock band Be Bop Deluxe. Be Bop came to prominence through a combination of rock theatrics and Nelson`s flamboya…
Disc 1:DISC 1:I Can`t Stop NowShoe Shine BoyCome Drink My WineHer Father Didn`t Like Me AnywayCruisin`Everybody Knows ThatA Little of Your TimeNow I Feel So OldCripple CreekPatrick
Anyone who has the first six {$Cosby} standup records will have all of this material already covered, but {^The Best of Bill Cosby} is nonetheless a pretty good introduction. The choice of material reinforces the fact that in the early days {$Cosby} was i
Unlike several of the best-of collections in {@Fantasy}’s extensive series, this one provides a useful focus upon the cornerstone of an artist’s reputation — {$Bill Evans}’ early sessions for {$Orrin Keepnews}’ {@Riverside} label. {$Evans}’ most influent
This is by no means an essential collection of Bill Cosby’s finest moments, instead assembling selected Cosby standup routines from the ’80s and ’90s from various records originally released on Universal. The main problem with compiling extracts from multiple Cosby standup records lies in the fact that his delivery and sequencing of material are quite smooth in any of this individual releases, so the transition from track to track on this compilation disc can be comparatively jarring at some points, especially with the William Shatner-esque “Grover Henson Feels Forgotten.” While this disc certainly has its moments, those looking for a more definitive look at Cosby’s comedic genius would be well served in checking out 1969′s classic The Best of Bill Cosby. ~ Rob Theakston, Rovi Performers: Bill Cosby – Vocals
We`re Gonna Rock Around The Clock – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Burn That Candle – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Joey`s Song – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Hook Line & Sinker – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Birth Of The Boogie – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Mambo Rock – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Two Hound Dogs – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Rock – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Rip It Up – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Don`t Knock The Rock – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Don`t Nobody Move – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Shake Rattle & Roll – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Rockin` Through The Rye – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Rockin` Little Tune – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Calling All Comets – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Hide & Seek – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Hot Dog Buddy Buddy – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) A.b.c. Boogie – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Dim Dim The Lights – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Rock`a Beatin` Boogie – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) See You Later, Alligator – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Sway With Me – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Choo Choo Ch`boogie – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Rudy`s Rock – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Razzle Dazzle – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Thirteen Women – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Skinny Minnie – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets) Saints Rock `n` Roll – (studio, with Bill Haley & His Comets)
Disc 1:Noah: Right!Noah: And the NeighborNoah: Me and You, LordRevengeLone Ranger, TheOld Weird HaroldDriving in San FranciscoApple, TheBabiesWater Bottle, TheStreet FootballFat Albert
Bill Miller’s best-of collection, Spirit Songs, sets the record straight on one of the most terminally mishandled and misunderstood recording artists in American popular music. Miller is a rock & roll singer/songwriter who uses his Native American heritag
Disc 1:Froofie the DogFootballMy Brother, RussellBe Good to Your WivesFat Albert Got a HerniaWhy Beat Your WifeEnnis` ToiletGrover Henson Feels ForgottenBill`s Marriage – (bonus track)Track and Field High Jump – (bonus track)
A highlight within Sony’s already impressive Bill Withers reissue campaign was this, a 20-track collection that spanned the singer’s full Sussex and Columbia careers, to illustrate just what a broad range of material he was producing in his prime. The big
Bill Justis’ “Raunchy,” with its string-bending guitar riff and honking sax, is one of the classic rock & roll instrumentals. It was also one of the most successful, topping the Cash Box pop charts and the Billboard R&B charts in 1957. Raunchy: The Very Best of Bill Justis rounds up all of Justis’ singles for the Sun Records subsidiary Phillips International and then some, clocking in with 19 tracks of rock instrumentals, easy listening sax solos with and without a vocal chorus, and a couple of actual vocal songs. The minor hit “College Man” has a brief vocal at the end, but “Midnight Man” and the calypso-flavored “Faraway” are sung start to finish by Justis himself. There are enough rockers here to satisfy “Raunchy” fans, but there are also some surprisingly diverse sounds in between. ~ Greg Adams, Rovi
Ain’t No Sunshine is a two-disc set for Bill Withers completists, and it’s about time they had one. Other Withers compilations have revealed little about the ’70s soul man with the thick, honeyed voice and the gift for picking emotional locks: alongside s
{@Sony Legacy}’s 2009 budget-line compilation {^Playlist} can’t be viewed as a greatest-hits collection — there are too many big {$Bill Withers}’ hits missing, including the original hit versions of {&”Lean on Me,”} {&”Lovely Day,”} {&”Just the Two of Us
Once called “the Lenny Bruce of our generation,” in this case such a label wasn’t just hype. Having seen a few of Hicks’ outrageously irreverent David Letterman appearances, he’s even funnier on the recordings of his more unfettered club act, a rare comic in that the more profane he got (i.e., the more patently offensive to Middle American TV audiences), the more he’d make you laugh. It’s still hard to believe this razor sharp-tongued zinger died of pancreatic cancer when he was only 32 years old. Quite a loss indeed: Because he was both one of the most no-BS social critics and one of the most hilarious people doing it; every major event or issue of the last several years has made one wish for a Hicks monologue to respond to it. His reaction to the hot-button topic of gays in the military (“Anyone dumb enough to want to be in the military should be allowed in. End of f**king story”) or to female priests (“Now we have priests of both sexes I won’t listen to, I don’t f**king care”) here are perfect examples. This well-chosen sampler (selected with input from the Hicks estate) sends most everyone into paroxysms of giggles and embarrassed guffaws, especially when Hicks unabashedly takes on the joys of pornography, masturbation, and his former drug abuse. From this, one can easily head to his four real LPs, two of which were released after his untimely passing. Just don’t play Hicks for anyone with the thinnest of conservative skins when it comes to religion, the government, defense, the drug war, smokers, TV, civil liberties, sexuality, taxation, children, Willie Nelson’s Taco Bell commercials, and, most insightful of all, not-so-latent sexuality in advertisements. ~ Jack Rabid, Rovi
The two leading credit card companies in the world today are the competitors Visa and MasterCard. They both operate along very similar lines. While Visa can claim to have almost a billion cards issued, MasterCard has over twenty five thousand banks issuing its cards and it is difficult to find any difference in the number of locations worldwide that accept the cards, which is now estimated at over twenty million.
In fact, as far as most consumers are concerned, there is no real difference between the two. They are both very widely accepted in over one hundred and fifty countries and it is very rare to find a location that will accept One But not the other.
However, neither Visa nor MasterCard actually issue any credit cards themselves. They are both simply methods of payment. They rely on banks in various countries to issue credit cards that utilise these payment methods. Therefore, the interest rates, rewards, annual fees, and all other charges are issued by your bank and when you pay your bill you are paying it to the bank or institution that issued your card and not Visa or MasterCard.
How Visa and MasterCard make their money is by charging the retailer for using their payment method. So the truth of the matter is that a Visa issued by say the Bank of Scotland will have very little to do with a Visa issued by other banks and may in fact by more similar to the Bank of Scotland’s MasterCard.
What this means for the vast majority of customers is that you do not have to overly concern yourself with whether a credit card is MasterCard or Visa. You would be better off concentrating on the interest and other charges on the card, the balance transfer possibilities or their reward scheme. You are very unlikely to ever be effected by the fact that it is one and not the other.
If you prefer, if you are going to have two credit cards, you may decide that you want one of them to be Visa and the other MasterCard, this means that if something drastic were to happen to one company, or if you were in the unlikely position of finding a location that accepts one but not the other, then you would have the option of paying with either.
At the end of the day however, much more depends on the bank that gave you the card, than on the type of card it is.
